Working of a Pressure Reactor

The basic principle is simple: nuclear energy is used to produce steam, the steam drives a turbine, and the turbine powers a generator, which produces electricity.

Pressure water reactor working

In a pressure water reactor, high pressure is created to keep the water in the reactor tank from boiling, even though it reaches a temperature of about 300° C at full force. This water is conducted to a steam generator and passes through thousands of small pipes. The heat in the pipes causes the water in the steam generator to turn to steam – which then drives the turbine. The turbine powers the generator, which in turn produces electricity.The reactor water is pumped back into the reactor tank and heated again. The steam from the turbine is cooled in a condenser, and the resulting water sent back into the steam generator and heated again.

(Animated Image Source: http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/students/animated-pwr.html)

1. The reactor

Uranium atoms are split inside the reactor, which heats the water. However, high pressure keeps the water from boiling even though it reaches a temperature of nearly 300° C.

2. The pressure vessel

A pressure vessel is used to control the pressure inside the reactor. Electric heat is applied to raise the pressure, and cold water to lower it.

3. The steam generator

The steam generator works as a heat exchanger, in which the very hot water from the reactor releases its heat and causes the water in the steam generator to boil and turn to steam.

4. The turbine

Steam is conducted into the turbine, causing the blades to rotate at speeds up to 3,000 rpm.

5. The transformer

A transformer converts the electricity into a high-voltage current. This is then sent to the power grid via high-tension wires.

6. The generator

The turbine powers a generator, which produces electricity.

7. The condenser

In the condenser, cold sea water running through a network of pipes cools the steam into water. This water is then pumped back into the steam generator.

8. Sea water

To cool the steam back into water, a huge amount of sea water is pumped into the condenser via pipes about the same diameter as a finger. When this water is pumped back into the sea, it is about ten degrees warmer than it was before it entered the condenser. The sea water circulates through a closed system, and never comes in contact with the reactor water.

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Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is a management philosophy in which the functions of design and manufacturing are rationalized and coordinated using
computer, communication, and information technologies” according to Bedworth et al. (1991). CIM has the capability to largely or entirely automate flexible
manufacturing by coordinating work cells, robots, automatic storage and retrieval facilities and material handling systems.

CIM is the use of computer systems to integrate a manufacturing enterprise. CIM provides the tools to enable the use of organizational programs such as Total
Quality Management, Continuous Improvement, Concurrent Engineering, and Design for Manufacturability, Design for Assembly, and back-to
basics concept of “Do it right the first time”. Integrating information and organizations will decrease the logistical size of a company, making it appear to be small again-at least from the management, administration, and information-sharing viewpoints. The goal of CIM is to provide the computer applications and communications needed to bring about the integration (with matching organizational changes) that will allow a company to take advantage of these new capabilities. The CIM technologies may include:

• Computer-aided design
• Computer-aided manufacture
• Computer numerically controlled machines
• Flexible manufacturing systems
• Robotics
• Automated material handling systems
• Group technology
• Manufacturing resource planning

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MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

Manufacturing is derived from the Latin word manufactus, means made by hand. In modern context it involves making products from raw material by using various processes, by making use of hand tools, machinery or even computers. It is therefore a study of the processes required to make parts and to assemble them in machines. The study of manufacturing reveals those parameters which can
be most efficiently being influenced to increase production and raise its accuracy. Advance manufacturing engineering involves the following concepts—
1. Process planning.
2. Process sheets.
3. Route sheets.
4. Tooling.
5. Cutting tools, machine tools (traditional, numerical control (NC), and computerized numerical control (CNC).
6. Jigs and Fixtures.
7. Dies and Moulds.
8. Manufacturing Information Generation.
9. CNC part programs.
10. Robot programmers.
11. Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS), Group Technology (GT) and Computer
integrated manufacturing (CIM).

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Pumps

Pumps are used in a wide range of industrial and residential applications. Pumping
equipment is extremely diverse, varying in type, size, and materials of construction.
There have been significant new developments in the area of pumping equipment
since the early 1980s. There are materials for corrosive applications, modern sealing techniques, improved dry-running capabilities of sealless pumps (that are magnetically driven or canned motor types), and applications of magnetic bearings in multistage high energy pumps.

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Introduction to air conditioning process

Introduction to air conditioning process

There are seven main processes in order to achieve full air conditioning which are as following.

Heating:

The process of adding thermal energy (heat) to the conditioned space for the purposes of raising or maintaining the temperature of the space.

Cooling:

The process of removing thermal energy (heat) from the conditioned space for the purposes of lowering or maintaining the temperature of the space.

Humidifying:

The process of adding water vapor (moisture) to the air in the conditioned space for the purposes of raising or maintaining the moisture content of the air.

Dehumidifying:

The process of removing water vapor (moisture) from the air in the conditioned space for the purposes of lowering or maintaining the moisture content of the air.

 Cleaning:

The process of removing particulates, (dust etc.,) and biological contaminants, (insects, pollen etc.,) from the air delivered to the conditioned space for the purposes of improving or maintaining the air quality.

Ventilating:

The process of exchanging air between the outdoors and the conditioned space for the purposes of diluting the gaseous contaminants in the air and improving or maintaining air quality, composition and freshness. Ventilation can be achieved either through natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation. Natural ventilation is driven by natural draft, like when you open a window. Mechanical ventilation can be achieved by using fans to draw air in from outside or by fans that exhaust air from the space to outside.

Air Movement:

The process of circulating and mixing air through conditioned spaces in the building for the purposes of achieving the proper ventilation and facilitating the thermal energy transfer.

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