Introduction of Turbo Machinery

Turbo machinery is mainly of two types, one that add  energy (Pumps), and other that extract energy (Turbines). The prefix turbo- is a Latin word which means  “spin’’ or “whirl,’’. The pump is the oldest fluid-energy-transfer device known. At least two designs date before Christ: (1) the undershot-bucket waterwheels, or norias, used in Asia and Africa (1000 B.C.) and (2) Archimedes’ screw pump (250 B.C.), still being manufactured today to handle solid-liquid mixtures. Paddlewheel turbines were used by the Romans in 70 B.C., and Babylonian...

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Rivet Types

The standard structural or machine rivet has a cylindrical shank and is either hot- or cold-driven. Following are types of rivets. Various Types of Rivets (a) Counter Sunk Head. (b) Counter sunk Head with chamfered top. (c) Counter sunk Head with round top. (d) Globe head. Boiler Rivet:It is simply a large rivet with cone head. Cooper's Rivet:  A cooper's rivet, used for barrel-hoop joints, is a solid rivet with a head like...

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Rivets

A rivet is a fastener that has a head and a shank and is made of a deformable material. It is used to join several parts by placing the shank into holes through the several parts and creating another head by upsetting or deforming the projecting shank.   Advantages of Rivets: Low cost  Can be used to fasten automatic or repetitive assembly  Permanent joints  Usable for joints of unlike materials such as metals and plastics  Wide...

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Mechanical Engineering by Shigley

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Equation of Continuity

The continuity equation is simply a mathematical expression of the principle of conservation of mass. For a control volume that has a single inlet and a single outlet, the principle of conservation of mass states that, for steady-state flow, the mass flow rate into the volume must equal the mass flow rate out. The continuity equation for this situation is expressed by Equation below   For a control volume with multiple inlets and...

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Heat Exchangers

Heat exchangers are devices that are used to transfer thermal energy from one fluid to another without mixing the two fluids. The transfer of thermal energy between fluids is one of the most important and frequently used processes in engineering. The transfer of heat is usually accomplished by means of a device known as a heat exchanger. Common applications of heat exchangers in the nuclear field include boilers, fan coolers, cooling water...

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Radiant Heat Transfer

Radiant heat transfer is thermal energy transferred by means of electromagneticwaves or particles. Radiant heat transfer involves the transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation that arises due to the temperature of a body. Most energy of this type is in the infra-red region of the electromagnetic spectrum although some of it is in the visible region. The term thermal radiation is frequently used to distinguish this form of electromagnetic...

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Convection

Heat transfer by convection is more difficult to analyze than heat transfer by conduction because no single property of the heat transfer medium, such as thermal conductivity, can be defined to describe the mechanism. Heat transfer by convection varies from situation to situation (upon the fluid flow conditions), and it is frequently coupled with the mode of fluid flow. In practice, analysis of heat transfer by convection is treated empirically...

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Conduction Heat Transfer

Conduction involves the transfer of heat by the interaction between adjacent molecules of a material. Heat transfer by conduction is dependent upon the driving "force" of temperature difference and the resistance to heat transfer. The resistance to heat transfer is dependent upon the nature and dimensions of the heat transfer medium. All heat transfer problems involve the temperature difference, the geometry, and the physical properties of the object...

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Carnot’s Principle

With the practice of using reversible processes, Sadi Carnot in 1824 advanced the study of the second law by disclosing a principle consisting of the following propositions.  No engine can be more efficient than a reversible engine operating between the same high temperature and low temperature reservoirs. Here the term heat reservoir is taken to mean either a heat source or a heat sink.  The efficiencies of all reversible engines operating between the same constant temperature reservoirs are the same. The efficiency of a reversible...

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First Law of Thermodynamics Summary

• The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can neither becreated nor destroyed, only altered in form. • In analyzing an open system using the First Law of Thermodynamics, the energy into the system is equal to the energy leaving the system. • If the fluid passes through various processes and then eventually returns to the same state it began with, the system is said to have undergone a cyclic process. The first law is used to analyze a cyclic process. • The energy entering any component is equal to the energy leaving that component...

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First Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics states: "Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only altered in form".For any system, energy transfer is associated with mass and energy crossing the control boundary, external work and/or heat crossing the boundary, and the change of stored energy within the control volume. The mass flow of fluid is associated with the kinetic, potential, internal, and "flow" energies that affect the overall energy balance...

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Thermodynamics Processes

A thermodynamic process is the succession of states that a system passes through. Processes can be described by any of the following terms: Cyclic process - a series of processes that results in the system returning to its original stateReversible process - a process that can be reversed resulting in no change in the system or surroundingsIrreversible process - a process that, if reversed, would result in a change to the system or surroundingsAdiabatic process - a process in which there is no heat transfer across the system boundariesIsentropic...

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Temperature and Pressure (Brief)

 Temperature Temperature is a measure of the molecular activity of a substance. The greater the movement of molecules, the higher the temperature. It is a relative measure of how "hot" or "cold" a substance is and can be used to predict the direction of heat transfer. Pressure: Pressure is a measure of the force exerted per unit area on the boundaries of a substance (or system). It is caused by the collisions of the molecules of the substance with the boundaries of the system. As molecules hit the walls, they exert forces that try to push...

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Thermodynamics Properties in brief

Thermodynamics properties can be mainly classified as : Intensive Properties Extensive Properties • Intensive properties are those that are independent of the amount of mass.• Extensive properties are those that vary directly with the mass. Specific volume  is the total volume (V) of a substance divided by thetotal mass (m) of that substance. • Density is the total mass (m) of a substance divided by the totalvolume (V) occupied by that substance. • Specific gravity (S.G.) is a measure of the relative density of a substanceas compared...

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Mechanical Engineering: How a boiling water reactor works

Mechanical Engineering: How a boiling water reactor works: The basic principle is simple: nuclear energy is used to produce steam, the steam drives a turbine, and the turbine powers a generat...

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How a boiling water reactor works

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